Berlin is home to 92 SaaS and AI products actively bought by companies on Cledara, led by 360dialog (0.33% market share). This ranking is built from real purchasing data — what companies actually pay for, not funding announcements — and updates monthly. Data as of 17 August 2026, 15:36 UTC.
| # | Product | Category | Description | Founded | Employees | Funding | 12-mo rank |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 360dialog | Customer Success & Support | 360dialog is a Messenger Communication Platform & WhatsApp Messaging API. | 2,018 | 51-200 employees | ||
| 2 | n8n | Engineering & DevOps | n8n is a workflow automation tool that utilizes a node-based architecture and supports low-code development, catering to users with varying levels of technical expertise for the creation of workflows. It features a user-friendly interface, over 220 pre-built integrations, and the ability to connect virtually any service with an API. n8n supports customization through coding when necessary and offe | 2,019 | 51-200 employees | $250M+ | +72 |
| 3 | Pitch | Collaboration & Productivity | Pitch is a presentation software designed to create, share, and get insights from presentations. The product is aimed at helping teams win work by providing them with the tools they need to create winning decks quickly and efficiently. Pitch offers a range of features that enable users to reflect their brand, collaborate seamlessly, and get real-time analytics. The product offers various use cases | 2,018 | 51-200 employees | $50M - $100M | -84 |
| 4 | Contentful | Marketing & Growth | Contentful is a composable content platform that helps businesses solve various content-related problems. It allows users to create and manage content across multiple channels and devices, enabling them to deliver personalized experiences to their audience. With Contentful, businesses can streamline their content workflows, optimize content creation, and scale their operations. | 2,013 | 501-1,000 employees | $100M - $250M | -32 |
| 5 | ChartMogul | Data & Analytics | ChartMogul is a subscription analytics platform that helps businesses make data-informed decisions for faster and more efficient growth. It automates the reporting of key metrics such as Monthly Recurring Revenue (MRR), churn, and Customer Lifetime Value (LTV). By connecting with your billing system, ChartMogul provides real-time data and equips your team with tools to put the subscription data to | 2,014 | 51-200 employees | -185 | |
| 6 | NetBird | IT & Security | NetBird is an open-source networking platform that enables the creation of point-to-point encrypted overlay networks across cloud, on-premises and device infrastructure. It provides management of peers, private IP assignment, authentication and access control policies to facilitate zero-trust private connectivity. | 2,022 | 2-10 employees | $5M - $10M | +1,768 |
| 7 | Peec AI | People Ops & Talent | Peec AI is a platform that collects real-time user feedback on websites and applications through embedded widgets. It organizes and presents the feedback for analysis to support product and design decisions. | 2,025 | 11-50 employees | $5M - $10M | +942 |
| 8 | Qdrant | AI Platforms & Model Ops | Qdrant is a vector similarity search engine designed to store, search, and manage vectors with additional payload, facilitating neural network or semantic-based matching, faceted search, and other applications. | 2,021 | 51-200 employees | $25M - $50M | +375 |
| 9 | Climatiq | Operations & Supply Chain | Climatiq offers a carbon intelligence platform that enables businesses to automate greenhouse gas (GHG) emission calculations through a robust API, utilizing a vast dataset of scientifically vetted emission factors. This service facilitates real-time environmental impact assessments across various business activities, aiding companies in making data-driven sustainability decisions. Climatiq aims t | 2,021 | 11-50 employees | $10M - $25M | +527 |
| 10 | Superchat | Collaboration & Productivity | Superchat is a communication platform designed for businesses to centralize and streamline their customer interactions. It integrates multiple communication channels such as live chat, WhatsApp, Instagram, Facebook Messenger, email, and Telegram into a single interface. | 2,020 | 51-200 employees | +1,319 | |
| 11 | Testmo | Engineering & DevOps | Testmo is a test management software that combines test case management, exploratory testing, and automated test results in one platform. It is designed to centralize quality assurance efforts, linking with existing development tools. The goal is to enhance productivity and streamline testing processes. | 2,020 | 11-50 employees | +11 | |
| 12 | join.com | People Ops & Talent | Join is a recruiting software that aims to assist in the hiring process by combining Talent Acquisition and Applicant Tracking System functionalities. Users can create and promote job ads, manage applications, and collaborate with their team in one integrated tool. | 2,018 | 51-200 employees | -458 | |
| 13 | Fanpage Karma | Marketing & Growth | Fanpage Karma is a SaaS tool for social media management, providing analytics, community engagement, and editorial scheduling, with capabilities for data export and AI-driven insights. | 2,009 | 11-50 employees | ||
| 14 | Think-cell | Collaboration & Productivity | Think-cell is a SaaS product that offers a PowerPoint add-in to help users create professional and visually appealing charts, boost slide layouts, and automate regular reports. The product aims to address common pain points associated with creating charts in PowerPoint, such as time-consuming processes, manual calculations, and limited customization options. It offers various features that allow u | 2,002 | 51-200 employees | +24 | |
| 15 | Y42 | Data & Analytics | Y42 is a data orchestration platform that integrates data from various sources, enabling users to automate data pipelines, manage access control, and ensure data quality. | 2,020 | 51-200 employees | +297 | |
| 16 | Private Packagist | Engineering & DevOps | Private Packagist is a Composer repository for PHP packages. It offers a range of solutions to address business problems related to Composer dependency installation, package management, and security monitoring. | 2,016 | 2-10 employees | -78 | |
| 17 | Tiptap | Engineering & DevOps | Tiptap is an open-source framework providing developers with tools to create custom content editing experiences. It enables the building of editors that support real-time collaboration and AI-assisted content creation. | 2,018 | 11-50 employees | $1M - $5M | |
| 18 | Travis CI | Engineering & DevOps | Travis CI is a cloud-based continuous integration and delivery service that enables developers to automatically build, test, and deploy applications. It integrates with popular version control systems like GitHub, supporting a wide range of programming languages and multiple environments. Travis CI aims to facilitate faster development cycles by automating testing and deployment tasks, and offerin | 2,011 | 11-50 employees | -205 | |
| 19 | Twain | Sales & Revenue | Twain is an AI-powered communication assistant designed to enhance outreach strategies. It provides real-time suggestions and feedback to improve the effectiveness of outbound messages, such as sales emails and recruiting messages. | 2,021 | 2-10 employees | $5M - $10M | -538 |
| 20 | heyData | Legal, Risk & Compliance | heyData provides a platform for managing data protection and regulatory compliance, offering tools for audits, risk assessments, and policy management. | 2,019 | 51-200 employees | $1M - $5M | |
| 21 | Circula | Finance & Accounting | Circula is a SaaS platform that automates expense management and travel reimbursement by processing digital receipts, per diems, and mileage logs in PDF, JPG, and structured form data. It integrates with DATEV and payroll systems. | 2,017 | 51-200 employees | $25M - $50M | |
| 22 | Studio 3T | Engineering & DevOps | Studio 3T is a product designed for MongoDB, offering a comprehensive set of tools and features. With an integrated development environment (IDE) and graphical user interface (GUI), it streamlines the complexities of working with MongoDB, providing solutions to common business problems. | 2,014 | 51-200 employees | -121 | |
| 23 | Ekomi | Customer Success & Support | eKomi provides a SaaS platform for collecting and managing customer reviews, integrating with Google products, supporting over 26 languages, and compliant with data protection laws. | 2,008 | 201-500 employees | +207 | |
| 24 | PushMetrics | Data & Analytics | PushMetrics is a data distribution solution aiming to offer flexible control to deliver data, reports, emails, and messages to teams and customers. | 2,017 | 2-10 employees | +79 | |
| 25 | OpenCage | Engineering & DevOps | OpenCage Geocoder is a geocoding API provider offering forward and reverse geocoding services. Their product converts coordinates to and from places, providing location data for developers. | 2,015 | 2-10 employees | -544 | |
| 26 | Octolens | Marketing & Growth | Octolens is an AI-driven social listening platform that monitors web and social media platforms - including LinkedIn, Reddit, X/Twitter, GitHub, Hacker News, Stack Overflow, and others - to detect keyword mentions in real time. It delivers alerts via email or Slack based on relevance scoring. | 2,024 | 2-10 employees | +733 | |
| 27 | Firefoo | Engineering & DevOps | Firefoo is a powerful GUI client for Firebase Firestore, offering a range of features to help users manage and manipulate their data. It allows users to import and export collections to CSV and JSON, download backups of their database, and transfer data across projects or to the emulator. | 2,021 | 2-10 employees | -486 | |
| 28 | Prisma | Engineering & DevOps | Prisma offers tools for developers to interact with databases, streamlining tasks such as queries, connection pooling, and migrations. | 2,016 | 11-50 employees | $25M - $50M | |
| 29 | Daito | IT & Security | Daito is a platform that enables businesses to manage and share two-factor authentication (2FA) across teams without the need for physical devices. It allows users to securely access and distribute 2FA tokens through a centralized dashboard. | 2,022 | 2-10 employees | ||
| 30 | Perspective | Marketing & Growth | Perspective provides a platform for creating mobile-friendly landing pages optimized for lead generation, aiming to simplify the design and engagement process for marketers. | 2,014 | 11-50 employees | ||
| 31 | OpenSanctions | Legal, Risk & Compliance | OpenSanctions is a database that consolidates sanctions lists and data on politically exposed persons, enabling risk management and compliance checks via API access. | 2,021 | 11-50 employees | ||
| 32 | Transloadit | Engineering & DevOps | Transloadit is a file uploading and processing service that allows integration with websites and apps to handle user uploads. It employs globally-distributed data centers and its own tus.io protocol to ensure reliable uploading. The service features "Robots" for creating custom encoding pipelines, along with Uppy, an open-source JavaScript file uploader. | 2,009 | 11-50 employees | ||
| 33 | Banani | Collaboration & Productivity | Banani is an AI-powered platform that converts text descriptions and design prompts into editable user interface layouts, wireframes, and interactive prototypes for web and mobile products. | 2,023 | 2-10 employees | $1M - $5M | |
| 34 | Ablefy | Data & Analytics | Ablefy is a software platform that provides an ecommerce scorecard and analytics system to assess, measure, and benchmark online stores based on performance, SEO, and operational factors. The platform collects input from an ecommerce site and generates diagnostic scores and reports that cover multiple aspects of the store’s configuration and performance. | 2,015 | 51-200 employees | $25M - $50M | |
| 35 | Adjust | Data & Analytics | Adjust provides a mobile measurement and analytics platform that helps mobile app marketers and developers to track, analyze and optimize their app performance and user acquisition campaigns. | 2,012 | 201-500 employees | $100M - $250M | |
| 36 | Softr | Collaboration & Productivity | Softr is a platform that transforms Airtable or Google Sheets data into custom client portals and internal tools without coding. Users can choose from templates or create apps from scratch using drag-and-drop features, with integrations for tools like Zapier and Stripe. | 2,020 | 11-50 employees | $10M - $25M | |
| 37 | Spark Email | Collaboration & Productivity | Spark is a cross-platform email client that organizes and prioritizes emails, integrates various email services, and includes an AI assistant for drafting, quick replies, and email proofreading. | 2,007 | 201-500 employees | ||
| 38 | Statuspal | Engineering & DevOps | StatusPal is an incident communication and monitoring platform. It offers customizable status pages, real-time notifications, and integrated monitoring for automated incident management. | 2,017 | 2-10 employees | ||
| 39 | Kraken.io | Marketing & Growth | Kraken.io is a SaaS platform for image optimization and compression with additional features like image resizing. It supports various formats, including JPEG, PNG, GIF, Animated GIF, and SVG, focusing on reducing image byte size while maintaining visual quality. | 2,012 | 2-10 employees | ||
| 40 | Keyword Hero | Marketing & Growth | The Keyword Hero shows which keywords users used to land on the website in Google analytics. | 2,017 | 2-10 employees | Under $1M | |
| 41 | Perdoo | People Ops & Talent | Perdoo is a platform that streamlines strategy alignment, empowers teams through focused OKRs & KPIs, and fosters employee engagement. | 2,015 | 11-50 employees | ||
| 42 | Bug Capture | Engineering & DevOps | Bug Capture is a tool designed to simplify and enhance the bug reporting process. It allows users to capture screen recordings with embedded technical logs, making it easier to document and communicate issues effectively. | 2,020 | 2-10 employees | $1M - $5M | |
| 43 | Zammad | Customer Success & Support | Zammad is an open-source helpdesk software that integrates communication channels, manages user rights, and provides reporting tools for customer support teams. | 2,015 | 11-50 employees | ||
| 44 | ReviewForest | Marketing & Growth | ReviewForest is a green marketing platform that lets companies help the planet and get more reviews by planting a tree for every review. | 2,021 | 2-10 employees | ||
| 45 | Rows | Data & Analytics | Rows is a spreadsheet platform that combines traditional spreadsheet functionalities with integrated data import, transformation, and sharing capabilities. It allows users to build live data reports connected to various sources and automate data analysis with AI. | 2,016 | 51-200 employees | ||
| 46 | Caya | Collaboration & Productivity | Caya is a digital-mailbox and document-management platform that receives physical mail or documents on your behalf, scans and digitises them in secure scan-centres in Germany, then delivers them as searchable digital documents via a web dashboard (the “Document Cockpit”). | 2,017 | 11-50 employees | $5M - $10M | |
| 47 | telli | Sales & Revenue | telli is a platform that automates outbound and inbound phone calls by using AI voice agents to contact customers, qualify leads, schedule appointments, and hand off interactions to human agents. The platform integrates with CRM systems and manages call workflows to support sales and customer engagement operations. | 2,021 | 11-50 employees | $1M - $5M | |
| 48 | Small Improvements | People Ops & Talent | Small Improvements is an employee performance management tool. The platform focuses on enhancing the feedback processes within organizations. It provides tools for performance reviews, 360-degree feedback, setting goals and objectives, and more. | 2,011 | 11-50 employees | ||
| 49 | PlaytestCloud | Engineering & DevOps | PlaytestCloud is a playtesting platform for mobile games, offering services such as single-session, longitudinal, and multi-session playtests. It provides unmoderated and moderated research solutions, including player interviews and live playtesting. Additional services include concept testing, surveys, and AI-powered analysis. | 2,012 | 11-50 employees | Under $1M | |
| 50 | Langdock | AI Platforms & Model Ops | Langdock is an AI platform that offers a secure and flexible ChatGPT-like application for businesses, enabling them to drive GenAI adoption within their organizations. The platform supports multiple large language models (LLMs) from various providers, including GPT-4 Turbo, and allows companies to integrate their own models. | 2,023 | 11-50 employees | $1M - $5M | |
| 51 | Structured | Collaboration & Productivity | Structured is a digital planner app that consolidates calendar events and tasks in a unified timeline. It supports syncing across devices via iCloud or its own “Structured Cloud” service. | 2,020 | 11-50 employees | ||
| 52 | mula. | Finance & Accounting | Mula provides digital payment solutions, enabling businesses and individuals to pay for services and products, manage subscriptions, and track payments through a user-friendly platform. | 2,018 | 51-200 employees | ||
| 53 | Loomio | Collaboration & Productivity | Loomio is a platform that enables inclusive and efficient decision-making for membership organizations, governance boards, and self-organizing companies. It provides tailored solutions to streamline decisions, enhance transparency, and preserve discussions. | 201-500 employees | $100M - $250M | ||
| 54 | Kittl | Marketing & Growth | Kittl is a platform that uses the power of AI to effortlessly create professional vector logos, images, and clipArts from text inputs. With advanced text editing capabilities, users can customize and transform their creations in real-time, making design tasks more efficient and dynamic. | 2,020 | 51-200 employees | $25M - $50M | |
| 55 | Oboard | People Ops & Talent | Oboard provides an OKR management tool that aligns teams, tracks performance, and facilitates goal execution. | 2,018 | 11-50 employees | ||
| 56 | Kenjo | People Ops & Talent | Kenjo is an HR management platform that automates attendance, payroll, performance reviews, and onboarding for SMBs, requiring internet access and user accounts for functionality. | 2,017 | 51-200 employees | $5M - $10M | |
| 57 | Amie | Collaboration & Productivity | Amie is a platform designed to integrate various aspects of personal productivity and scheduling. It combines features like to-do lists, email, and calendar management in a unified interface. The platform offers capabilities like natural language processing for scheduling tasks, support for multiple accounts, and tools like a Pomodoro timer for time management. It also includes functionalities to | 2,021 | 2-10 employees | $5M - $10M | |
| 58 | Synthflow AI | Collaboration & Productivity | Synthflow AI offers a no-code platform enabling businesses to create and deploy AI voice assistants that automate inbound and outbound phone calls, including tasks like appointment scheduling and customer support. | 2,023 | 51-200 employees | $25M - $50M | |
| 59 | Camunda | Legal, Risk & Compliance | Camunda is a cloud-native workflow engine that orchestrates complex business processes using BPMN and DMN, integrating with APIs and RPA, supporting high transaction volumes without a central database. | 2,008 | 501-1,000 employees | $50M - $100M | |
| 60 | Adspert | Marketing & Growth | Adspert is an AI-driven tool for optimizing PPC campaigns across platforms like Amazon and Google, automating bids to improve ad performance and maximize ROI. | 2,010 | 11-50 employees | ||
| 61 | BlazeSQL | Data & Analytics | BlazeSQL is an AI-powered chatbot that facilitates data retrieval and analysis by generating SQL queries based on user questions and database schema. | 2,023 | 11-50 employees | ||
| 62 | Mailbutler | Collaboration & Productivity | Mailbutler is an email extension that integrates with Apple Mail, Gmail, and Outlook to assist email functionality. It allows users to track emails, schedule emails for later, create and manage email signatures, add tasks and notes to emails, use email templates, manage contacts, and snooze emails. The platform also supports collaboration among team members and provides tools for organizing emails | 2,015 | 11-50 employees | ||
| 63 | Lano | People Ops & Talent | Lano is a cloud-based platform that helps businesses hire, manage, and pay employees and contractors globally. Its main offerings include global payroll consolidation, employer of record (EOR) services, and contractor management, enabling companies to onboard and pay people in over 170 countries while ensuring compliance. | 2,018 | 51-200 employees | $10M - $25M | |
| 64 | Hygraph | Marketing & Growth | Hygraph is a federated content platform that offers a GraphQL-native Headless CMS. It facilitates content federation, schema modeling, and content delivery across various platforms and devices using powerful GraphQL APIs. | 2,017 | 51-200 employees | $25M - $50M | |
| 65 | Tandem | Collaboration & Productivity | Tandem is a language exchange app on iOS and Android that connects language learners with native speakers. | 2,015 | 11-50 employees | $5M - $10M | |
| 66 | Linearity | Marketing & Growth | Linearity is a platform specializing in design tools aimed at enhancing the creative process and providing innovative ways to visualize ideas. One of their previously known products is Vectornator, which is a vector graphic design software. In addition to Vectornator, Linearity offers a product lineup that includes vector and motion design tools such as Linearity Curve and Linearity Move. These to | 2,017 | 51-200 employees | $10M - $25M | |
| 67 | Workstreams.ai | Marketing & Growth | A project management tool that integrates with Slack and Microsoft Teams, enabling task creation, tracking, and collaboration through Kanban boards. | 2,019 | 11-50 employees | ||
| 68 | Cyanite | AI Platforms & Model Ops | Cyanite is an AI-powered tool that aims to enhance music discovery and management, primarily for industry professionals such as music publishers and film studios. It offers features like auto-tagging for efficient music categorization and a Free Text Search for more intuitive music searches. Additionally, Cyanite provides similarity search and visual insights into music, integrating into existing | 2,019 | 11-50 employees | ||
| 69 | WeFlow | Sales & Revenue | WeFlow is a platform designed to optimize sales processes, improve forecast accuracy, and boost deal closures for revenue teams | 2,021 | 11-50 employees | $1M - $5M | |
| 70 | ChatPDF | Collaboration & Productivity | ChatPDF is a platform that offers an innovative and interactive way to view and collaborate on PDF documents. | 2,023 | 2-10 employees | ||
| 71 | Talon.One | Marketing & Growth | Talon.One is a solution for creating, managing, and analyzing promotional marketing campaigns. | 2,015 | 201-500 employees | ||
| 72 | Cluvio | Data & Analytics | Cluvio is a cloud analytics platform that lets users run SQL and R queries against databases and visualize results as dashboards and reports. The platform connects to data sources and shares analytical outputs with teams across an organization. | 2,015 | 2-10 employees | ||
| 73 | Agenta | AI Platforms & Model Ops | Agenta is an open-source LLMOps platform that provides an end-to-end workflow for building, testing, evaluating, and monitoring large language model (LLM)-powered applications. The platform centralizes prompt management, versioning, evaluation metrics, observability and deployment tools to help teams ship reliable production-grade LLM apps. | 2,023 | 2-10 employees | $1M - $5M | |
| 74 | Hasty | AI Platforms & Model Ops | Hasty is a vision AI platform that enables users to upload image and video datasets, label visual data, and use those labeled datasets to build, compare, and deploy custom computer vision models for machine learning workflows. The platform supports annotation and model training tasks to help data and AI teams prepare training data and iterate on vision AI projects. | 2,019 | 11-50 employees | ||
| 75 | Thryve | Data & Analytics | Thryve provides a unified application programming interface that aggregates health and activity data from diverse wearable devices and medical sensors. The platform normalizes biometric datasets and manages secure data transmission to facilitate health monitoring and digital therapy integration for healthcare providers. | 2,016 | 11-50 employees | $1M - $5M | |
| 76 | OpenRegulatory | Legal, Risk & Compliance | OpenRegulatory provides an AI-powered eQMS platform and free document templates designed to help medical device startups automate their EU MDR and FDA compliance. | 2-10 employees | |||
| 77 | React Flow | Engineering & DevOps | 2-10 employees | ||||
| 78 | Blinkist | People Ops & Talent | 51-200 employees | $10M - $25M | |||
| 79 | Grover | Operations & Supply Chain | 2,015 | 201-500 employees | $250M+ | ||
| 80 | Clevver | Operations & Supply Chain | 2,013 | 11-50 employees | $1M - $5M | ||
| 81 | Native Instruments | Collaboration & Productivity | 1,996 | 201-500 employees | $50M - $100M | ||
| 82 | Ableton | Marketing & Growth | 1,999 | 501-1,000 employees | |||
| 83 | SoundCloud | Marketing & Growth | 2,007 | 201-500 employees | $50M - $100M | ||
| 84 | Plista | Marketing & Growth | 2,008 | 10,001+ employees | $1M - $5M | ||
| 85 | jamie | Collaboration & Productivity | 11-50 employees | ||||
| 86 | axaio software | Collaboration & Productivity | 2,006 | 2-10 employees | |||
| 87 | Kitchn.io | Marketing & Growth | 2,019 | 11-50 employees | |||
| 88 | German To Go | Operations & Supply Chain | 2,010 | Self-employed | |||
| 89 | Gorillas | Operations & Supply Chain | 2,020 | 201-500 employees | |||
| 90 | Awin | Marketing & Growth | 2,000 | 1,001-5,000 employees | |||
| 91 | dltHub | Data & Analytics | 2,022 | 11-50 employees | $10M - $25M | ||
| 92 | Graebert | Engineering & DevOps | 1,977 | 201-500 employees |
The complete list is available as <a href="/api/export/startups/germany/berlin.csv">CSV</a> or <a href="/api/export/startups/germany/berlin.json">JSON</a>.
The largest SaaS company from Berlin by headcount is Awin (1,001-5,000 employees).
42 of 92 have disclosed funding, topped by n8n ($250M+).
The newest entrant is Peec AI (founded 2025).
The oldest is Graebert (founded 1977); the newest, Peec AI (2025).
| Category | Products |
|---|---|
| Marketing & Growth | 18 |
| Collaboration & Productivity | 17 |
| Engineering & DevOps | 15 |
| Data & Analytics | 10 |
| People Ops & Talent | 8 |
| AI Platforms & Model Ops | 5 |
| Operations & Supply Chain | 5 |
| Legal, Risk & Compliance | 4 |
| Customer Success & Support | 3 |
| Sales & Revenue | 3 |
| IT & Security | 2 |
| Finance & Accounting | 2 |
Berlin's SaaS scene skews toward Marketing & Growth — 18 of its 92 tracked companies build marketing & growth software.
Berlin accounts for 37% of the 247 ranked SaaS products founded in Germany.
360dialog, n8n and Pitch are the most-used SaaS products founded in Berlin, based on real purchasing data from companies on Cledara. Last updated 17 August 2026, 15:36 UTC.
92 SaaS and AI products founded in Berlin are actively bought by companies tracked on Cledara. Aggregators list more registered startups; this ranking counts only products with real, current usage.
Octolens and Y42 show the strongest rank gains among Berlin-founded products over the last 90 days.
Most lists rank Berlin startups by funding raised or valuation. This one ranks them by adoption — how many companies actually pay for each product — measured monthly from Cledara's purchasing data.